An agreement under the UNFCCC, ratified by 189 parties, to make the changes necessary to keep global temperature rise by 2100 below 2 ˚Celsius above the pre-industrial average, with the additional goal of limiting warming to 1.5 ˚Celsius if possible. It requires all parties to put forward an NDC (see NDCs) with the goal of reducing emissions and strengthening the ability of countries to deal with the impacts of climate change.